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20 Francs - Jean
Features
Issuer Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourg)
Grand duke Jean (1964-2000)
Type Standard circulation coins
Years 1982
Value 20 Francs (20 LUF)
Currency Franc (1854-2001)
Composition Copper-aluminium-nickel (92% copper, 6% nickel, 2% aluminium)
Weight 8.5 g
Diameter 25.65 mm
Thickness 2.33 mm
Shape Round
Technique Milled
Orientation Coin alignment ↑↓
Demonetized 28 February 2002
Number N#246
References L# 309, Weiller# 299, KM# 58, Schön# 42
Obverse
Portrait to the left of Jean (1921-), the Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1964 to 2000 surrounded by his name and the signature of the engraver
Script: Latin
Lettering:
JEAN GRAND-DUC DE LUXEMBOURG
J.N. LEFEVRE
Translation:
Jean Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
J.N. Lefevre
Engravers: Julien Lefèvre, Nina Victorine Lefèvre-Kestler
Reverse
Face value surmounted by a royal crown, surrounded by two branches of oak, the date at the bottom flanked by the mint and privy mark (see comment below), and the initials of engravers underneath
Script: Latin
Lettering:
20F
1982
NJL
Translation:
20 Francs
1982
NJL
Engravers: Julien Lefèvre, Nina Victorine Lefèvre-Kestler
Edge
Smooth adorned with a hollowed guilloche
Mint
Royal Mint of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium (983-2017)
Comments
The percent error tolerated for this coin in terms of mass was 2%.
The reference L # 309-2 corresponds to the silver 20 francs, polished flan, struck in 1980.
The marks:
On the left a blackbird with a V on the chest, the mark of Mr. Robert Vogeleer, commissioner of the Coins of the Brusselsmint from 1963 to 1987. "Vogel" means bird in Flemish.
On the right of the year is the mark from the mint in Brussels, represented by the head of the archangel Saint Michael. Saint Michael is among others the patron saint of the city of Brussels, the head of angel was taken again as the mark for the workshop of Brussels from 1960.
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10 Francs - Jean
Features
Issuer Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourg)
Grand duke Jean (1964-2000)
Type Standard circulation coins
Years 1980
Value 10 Francs (10 LUF)
Currency Franc (1854-2001)
Composition Nickel
Weight 8 g
Diameter 27 mm
Thickness 1.92 mm
Shape Round
Technique Milled
Orientation Coin alignment ↑↓
Demonetized 1 May 1986
Number N#248
References L# 307, Weiller# 297, KM# 57, Schön# 41
Obverse
Portrait to the left of Jean (1921-2019), Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1964 to 2000 surrounded by the legend and the signature of the engravers.
Script: Latin
Lettering:
JEAN GRAND-DUC DE LUXEMBOURG
J.N. LEFEVRE
Engravers: Julien Lefèvre, Nina Victorine Lefèvre-Kestler
Reverse
Face value and mint year in two lines, surmounted by a royal crown, accosted by two pairs of stylized oak leaves, initials of engravers in the exergue, external grentis.
Script: Latin
Lettering:
10F
1980
N.J.L.
Engravers: Julien Lefèvre, Nina Victorine Lefèvre-Kestler
Edge
Plain
Mint
Royal Mint of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium (983-2017)
Comments
First piece in pure nickel struck for the Grand Duchy. Issue ordered by the Grand-Ducal Regulation of 12 June 1971, coin manufactured at the Brussels Mint. The tolerance of the weight being both outside and within 20 thousandths.
The reference L#307-9 corresponds to the silver 10 francs, polished flan, struck in 1980.
Probst mentions a few medal strikes for this type, an example for the L#307-3.
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5 Francs - Jean
Features
Issuer Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourg)
Grand duke Jean (1964-2000)
Type Standard circulation coins
Years 1981
Value 5 Francs (5 LUF)
Currency Franc (1854-2001)
Composition Copper-nickel (75% Copper, 25% Nickel)
Weight 6.0 g
Diameter 24 mm
Thickness 1.9 mm
Shape Round
Technique Milled
Orientation Coin alignment ↑↓
Demonetized 15 January 1987
Number N#1908
References L# 308, Weiller# 298, KM# 56, Schön# 40
Obverse
Portrait to the left of Jean (1921-), Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1964 to 2000 surrounded by the legend and the signature of the engravers.
Script: Latin
Lettering:
JEAN GRAND-DUC DE LUXEMBOURG
J.N.LEVEVRE
Engravers: Julien Lefèvre, Nina Victorine Lefèvre-Kestler
Reverse
Face value and mint year in two lines, surrounded by two oak branches and surmounted by a royal crown.
Script: Latin
Lettering:
5F
1981
Engravers: Julien Lefèvre, Nina Victorine Lefèvre-Kestler
Edge
Milled
Mint
Royal Mint of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium (983-2017)
Comments
Mint ordered by the Grand-Ducal Regulation of 13 April 1971 with a tolerance of 10 thousandths for metal and 20 thousandths for the weight.
The reference L # 308-4 corresponds to the specimen in silver, polished flan, struck in 1980.
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1 Franc - Jean
Features
Issuer Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourg)
Grand duke Jean (1964-2000)
Type Standard circulation coins
Years 1983
Value 1 Franc (1 LUF)
Currency Franc (1854-2001)
Composition Copper-nickel (75% Copper, 25% Nickel)
Weight 4 g
Diameter 21 mm
Thickness 1.62 mm
Shape Round
Technique Milled
Orientation Coin alignment ↑↓
Demonetized 1 September 1991
Number N#2749
References L# 305, Weiller# 295, KM# 55, Schön# 39
Obverse
Portrait to the left of Jean (1921-2019), Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1964 to 2000 surrounded by the legend and the signature of the engravers.
Script: Latin
Lettering:
JEAN GRAND-DUC DE LUXEMBOURG
J N LEFEVRE
Translation: Jean Grand-Duke of Luxembourg
Engravers: Julien Lefèvre, Nina Victorine Lefèvre-Kestler
Reverse
Face value surrounded by a stylized laurel wreath, surmounted by a royal crown, below the mint year
Script: Latin
Lettering:
1 F
1983
Unabridged legend: 1 Franc
Engravers: Julien Lefèvre, Nina Victorine Lefèvre-Kestler
Edge
Reeded
1 Franc - Jean - obverse
Mint
Royal Mint of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium (983-2017)
Comments
Struck at the Brussels mint in fluted ferrule, an alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel with a tolerance of 10 thousandths and 29 thousandths for the weight.
The reference L#305-12 corresponds to 1 franc in silver, polished flan, struck in 1980.
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FYI
Coin collecting is the collecting of coins or other forms of minted legal tender.
Coins of interest to collectors often include those that circulated for only a brief time, coins with mint errors and especially beautiful or historically significant pieces. Coin collecting can be differentiated from numismatics in that the latter is the systematic study of currency. Though closely related, the two disciplines are not necessarily the same. A numismatist may or may not be a coin collector, and vice versa.
History
People have hoarded coins for their bullion value for as long as coins have been minted. However, the collection of coins for their artistic value was a later development. Evidence from the archaeological and historical record of Ancient Rome and medieval Mesopotamia indicates that coins were collected and catalogued by scholars and state treasuries. It also seems probable that individual citizens collected old, exotic or commemorative coins as an affordable, portable form of art. According to Suetonius in his De vita Caesarum (The Lives of the Twelve Caesars), written in the first century CE, the emperor Augustus sometimes presented old and exotic coins to friends and courtiers during festivals and other special occasions.
Contemporary coin collecting and appreciation began around the fourteenth century. During the Renaissance, it became a fad among some members of the privileged classes, especially kings and queens. The Italian scholar and poet Petrarch is credited with being the pursuit's first and most famous aficionado. Following his lead, many European kings, princes, and other nobility kept collections of ancient coins. Some notable collectors were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Henry IV of France and Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, who started the Berlin Coin Cabinet (German: Münzkabinett Berlin). Perhaps because only the very wealthy could afford the pursuit, in Renaissance times coin collecting became known as the "Hobby of Kings."
During the 17th and 18th centuries coin collecting remained a pursuit of the well-to-do. But rational, Enlightenment thinking led to a more systematic approach to accumulation and study. Numismatics as an academic discipline emerged in these centuries at the same time as coin collecting became a leisure pursuit of a growing middle class, eager to prove their wealth and sophistication. During the 19th and 20th centuries, coin collecting increased further in popularity. The market for coins expanded to include not only antique coins, but foreign or otherwise exotic currency. Coin shows, trade associations, and regulatory bodies emerged during these decades. The first international convention for coin collectors was held 15–18 August 1962, in Detroit, Michigan, and was sponsored by the American Numismatic Association and the Royal Canadian Numismatic Association. Attendance was estimated at 40,000.[5] As one of the oldest and most popular world pastimes, coin collecting is now often referred to as the "King of Hobbies".
Collector types
Casual coin collectors often begin the hobby by saving notable coins found by chance. These coins may be pocket change left from an international trip or an old coin found in circulation.
Usually, if the enthusiasm of the novice increases over time, random coins found in circulation are not enough to satisfy their interest.[citation needed] The hobbyist may then trade coins in a coin club or buy coins from dealers or mints. Their collection then takes on a more specific focus.
Some enthusiasts become generalists and accumulate a few examples from a broad variety of historical or geographically significant coins. Given enough resources, this can result in a vast collection. King Farouk of Egypt was a generalist with a collection famous for its scope and variety.
Most collectors decide to focus their financial resources on a narrower, specialist interest. Some collectors focus on coins of a certain nation or historic period. Some collect coins by themes (or 'subjects') that are featured on the artwork displayed on the coin. Others will seek error coins. Still others might focus on exonumia such as medals, tokens or challenge coins. For example, John Yarwood of Melbourne is the first person to take a serious interest in British military money (especially tokens).
Some collectors are completists and seek an example of every type of coin within a certain category. Perhaps the most famous of these is Louis Eliasberg, the only collector thus far to assemble a complete set of known coins of the United States.
Coin collecting can become a competitive activity, as prompted by the recent emergence of PCGS (Professional Coin Grading Service) and NGC (Numismatic Guarantee Corporation) Registry Sets. Registry Sets are private collections of coins verified for ownership and quality by numismatic grading services. The grading services assess collections, seal the coins in clear plastic holders, then register and publish the results. This can lead to very high prices as dedicated collectors compete for the very best specimens of, for example, each date and mint mark combination.
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Exonumia are numismatic items (such as tokens, medals, or scrip) other than coins and paper money. This includes "Good For" tokens, badges, counterstamped coins, elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, wooden nickels and other similar items. It is related to numismatics (concerned with coins which have been legal tender), and many coin collectors are also exonumists.
Besides the above strict definition, others extend it to include non-coins which may or may not be legal tenders such as cheques, credit cards and similar paper. These can also be considered notaphily or scripophily.
Etymology
The noun exonumia is derived from two classical roots: exo, meaning "out-of" in Greek, and nummus, meaning "coin" in Latin (from Greek νοῦμμος - noummos, "coin"); thus, "out[side]-of-[the category]coins". Usually, the term "exonumia" is applied to these objects in the United States, while the equivalent British term is paranumismatica.
The words exonumist and exonumia were coined in July 1960 by Russell Rulau, a recognized authority and author on the subject, and accepted by Webster's dictionary in 1965.
Forms of exonumia: tokens and medals
Chronologically, in the United States many Exonumia items were used as currency when actual money was not easily available in the economy. A notable exception to this definition are Medals, which were generally not used as currency or exchange. See the 'for clarification' section below for distinctions between various branches of exonumia. Tokens were used both to advertise and to facilitate commerce.
Token authority Russell Rulau offers a broad definition for exonumia, and lines between categories can be fuzzy. For example, an advertising token may also be considered a medal. Good For tokens may also advertise. Counterstamped coins have been called “little billboards.” Strictly, exonumia is anything not a governmental issue coin. This could almost mean anything coin-like.
The English term "Para-numismatica", or alongside currency, appears more limiting, hinting that tokens must have some sort of “value” or monetary usage. One definition of Para-numismatica is anything coin-like but not a coin. In America this is not the accepted usage. Rulau's 1040 page tome, UNITED STATES TOKENS: 1700-1900 includes many tokens without any monetary value depicted on the token. While he included many items, some types of exonumia were not included just so the book would not get any bigger.
The following groupings of categories are continually expanding. One way of parsing tokens is into these three general categories:
Has a ‘value,’ facilitating commerce, such as Good For Something.
Commemoration, remembrance, dedication, or the like, for some person, place, idea or event.
Of a personal nature.
Typically catalogs of tokens are organized by location, time period and/or type of item. Historically the need for tokens grew out of the need for currency. In America some tokens legally circulated alongside or instead of currency up until recently. Hard Times Tokens and Civil War Tokens each were the size of the contemporary cent. Afterwards, value based items, such as Good For (amount of money), Good For one quart of Milk, Good For one beer, Good For one ride… and others were specifically linked to commerce of the store or place of issue.
For clarity, Exonumia are actual numismatic items, (other than government coins or paper money) which can be studied or collected.
Numismatic = Coins, Paper Money, Exonumia, (Numismatist)
Exonumia = Tokens, Medals, Badges, Ribbons, Etc. (Exonumist)
Notaphily = Paper Money, (Notaphile/Notaphiliac).
Scripophily = Stock certificates, (Scripophilist, Scripophilac)
Medals have a clear distinction from tokens in that there is no monetary value on the item, nor any intent to be used as money. (Medalists)
Exonumists are attentive to not only the history behind the items but the shapes, and what types of items they are.
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Augsburg (German: [ˈaʊksbʊʁk] (listen); Swabian German: Augschburg, UK: /ˈaʊɡzbɜːrɡ/ OWGZ-burg, US: /ˈɔːɡz-/ AWGZ-) is a city in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, around 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Bavarian capital Munich. It is a university town and regional seat of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben with an impressive Altstadt (historical city centre). Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg) with a population of 300,000 inhabitants, with 885,000 in its metropolitan area.
After Neuss, Trier, Cologne and Xanten, Augsburg is one of Germany's oldest cities, founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum, named after the Roman emperor Augustus. It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European banking in the 16th century. According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century, it became "the dominant centre of early capitalism", having benefitted from being part of the Kaiserliche Reichspost system as "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I. The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and 1555 Peace of Augsburg. The Fuggerei, the oldest social housing complex in the world, was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger.
In 2019, UNESCO recognized the Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site because of its unique medieval canals and water towers and its testimony to the development of hydraulic engineering.
Deggendorf (Bavarian: Degndorf, Deggndorf) is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Deggendorf district.
It is located on the left bank approximately in the middle between the Danube cities of Regensburg and Passau. The Danube forms the town's natural border towards the south. Towards the west, north and east the town is surrounded by the foothills of the central Bavarian Forest. Near the southwestern rim of the town, the railway bridge crosses the Danube at river-kilometer 2286. Directly south of the town Autobahn A3 and A92 form an important crossing. A few miles downstream, east of the district Deggenau, lies the confluence of the River Isar with the Danube.
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