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NOW FOR YOUR VIEWING PLEASURE…
MILITAIR VEREIN
KRONE HOCKENDORF
u. UMGEGEND GREGRUNDET
20. SEPT, 1863
about 30mm
composition is Copper / Nickel
RARE! EXONUMIA
VERY LITTLE IS ON THE INET ABOUT MILITARY CLUBS IN GERMANY?
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FYI
The states of the German Confederation were member states of the German Confederation, from 20 June 1815 until 24 August 1866.
On the whole, its territory nearly coincided with that remaining in the Holy Roman Empire at the outbreak of the French Revolution, with the notable exception of Belgium. Except for the two rival major powers, Austria and Prussia, and the western left bank of the Rhine (which France had annexed, with tiny Katzenelnbogen), the other member states (or their precursors) had been within Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine.
Empires
1. The Austrian Empire, excluding the Kingdom of Hungary, the Principality of Transylvania, and the Kingdom of Croatia (all of which became parts of the apostolic kingdom of Hungary within the Danubian Dual Monarchy), the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (constituting parts lost to Italy in 1859- viz. 1866), the Duchy of Bukovina, and the kingdoms of Dalmatia and Galicia (but including, from 1818 till 1850, Duchy of Oświęcim and Duchy of Zator)
Archduchy of Austria (split into Upper Austria and Lower Austria in 1849)
Kingdom of Bohemia
Margraviate of Moravia
Grand Duchy of Salzburg
Duchy of Carinthia
Duchy of Carniola
Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
Duchy of Styria
Littoral (consisting of Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria and Trieste)
County of Tyrol
Vorarlberg
Kingdoms
2. The Kingdom of Prussia (excluding Posen, East Prussia and West Prussia)
Brandenburg
Pomerania
Rhine Province (until 1822 the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine and the Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg)
Saxony
Silesia
Westphalia
3. The Kingdom of Bavaria
Upper Bavaria
Upper Franconia
Swabia
Upper Palatinate
Middle Franconia
Lower Bavaria
Lower Franconia
Palatinate
4. The Kingdom of Hanover (in personal union with the United Kingdom until 1837)
5. The Kingdom of Saxony
6. The Kingdom of Württemberg
Electorates
7. The Electorate of Hesse (also known as Hesse-Kassel)
Grand Duchies
8. The Grand Duchy of Baden
9. The Grand Duchy of Hesse (also known as Hesse-Darmstadt)
10. The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg (in personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands; lost over half of its territory in the west to Belgium in the breakup of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1839, thereby resulting in the Duchy of Limburg becoming a member.)
11. The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
12. The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
13. The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
14. The Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Duchies
15. The Duchy of Brunswick (prior Brunswick-Lunenburgian Principality of Wolfenbüttel)
16. The Duchy of Holstein (in personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark; not a former member of the Confederation of the Rhine)
17. The Duchy of Limburg (became a member in 1839 in personal union with the Netherlands as compensation for territorial losses in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg that were caused by the breakup of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.)
18. The Duchy of Nassau
19. The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1826)
20. The Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (Saxe-Altenburg from 1826)
21. The Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen (dissolved in 1826; territory merged with Saxe-Meiningen)
22. The Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (in personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark)
23. The Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
24. The Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg (merged with Anhalt-Dessau in 1863)
25. The Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau (Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen from 1853; Duchy of Anhalt from 1863)
26. The Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen (merged with Anhalt-Dessau in 1853)
The Duchy of Schleswig was never a member state. But Schleswig was traditionally connected to the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg, which were member states. In 1848-51 (during the First Schleswig War), it was treated by the German states and the short-lived German Empire as a kind of member. In 1864, the Danish king transferred the three duchies to Austria and Prussia (after the Second Schleswig War).
Principalities
27. The Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (merged with Kingdom of Prussia in 1850)
28. The Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (merged with Kingdom of Prussia in 1850)
29. The Principality of Liechtenstein
30. The Principality of Lippe
31. The Principality of Reuss Junior Line
32. The Principality of Reuss Senior Line
33. The Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
34. The Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
35. The Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
36. The Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
Landgraviates
37. The Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg (became a member in 1817; merged with Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1866)
Free and Hanseatic Cities
38. The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (still a constitutive state of Germany)
39. The Free City of Frankfurt upon Main
40. The Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (still a constitutive state of Germany)
41. The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck
The four free cities were republics by constitution, while all the others were monarchies, some constitutional and some absolutist.
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Kriegsspiel is a genre of wargaming developed by the Prussian Army in the 19th century to teach battlefield tactics to officers. The word Kriegsspiel literally means "wargame" in German, but in the context of the English language it refers specifically to the wargames developed by the Prussian army in the 19th century. Kriegsspiel was the first wargaming system to have been adopted by a military organization as a serious tool for training and research. It is characterized by high realism, an emphasis on the experience of decision-making rather than on competition, and the use of an umpire to keep the rules flexible and manage hidden information. After Prussia's impressive victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War, other countries began designing similar wargames for their own armies.
Most forms of Kriegsspiel involve at least two teams of players and one umpire gathered around a map. The map represents a battlefield. Each team is given command of an imaginary army which is represented on the map using little painted blocks. Each block represents some kind of troop formation, such as an artillery battery or a cavalry squadron. The players command their troops by writing their orders on paper and giving them to the umpire. The umpire will then read these orders and move the blocks across the map according to how he judges the imaginary troops would interpret and execute their orders. The outcomes of combat are determined either by simple mathematical calculations or the umpire's judgement.
History
Precursors
By definition, a "wargame" is a strategy game that attempts to realistically represent warfare. The earliest wargames were invented in the German states around the turn of the 19th century. They were derivatives of chess, but the pieces represented real military units (cavalry, infantry, artillery, etc.) and the squares were color-coded to represent different types of terrain. These early wargames were not realistic enough to satisfy the military. The pieces were constrained to move across a grid in chess-like fashion: only a single piece could occupy a square (even if that square represented, say, a square mile), and the pieces had to move square by square. This, of course, did not represent how real troops maneuvered in the field. The grid system also forced the terrain to take unnatural forms, such as rivers flowing in straight lines and right angles.
The free Kriegsspiel movement
Lieutenant Wilhelm Jacob Meckel published a treatise in 1873 and another in 1875 in which he expressed four complaints about the overcomplicated rules of Kriegsspiel: 1) the rules constrain the umpire, preventing him from applying his expertise; 2) the rules are too rigid to realistically model all possible outcomes in a battle, because the real world is complex and ever-changing; 3) the computations for casualties slow down the game and have a minor impact on a player's decisions anyway; 4) few officers are willing to make the effort to learn the rules. The fourth issue was the most serious, as the Prussian military struggled to meet the growing demand for umpires. Meckel proposed dispensing with some of the rules and giving the umpire more discretion to arbitrate events as he saw fit. The only things he kept were the dice and the losses tables for assessing casualties.
In 1876, General Julius von Verdy du Vernois proposed dispensing with all the rules and tools completely and allowing the umpire to arbitrate the game entirely as he saw fit. This form of Kriegsspiel came to be known as free Kriegsspiel (counterpart to Reisswitz's rigid Kriegsspiel) and was well-received by the officer corps because it was easier to learn and allowed umpires to apply their own expertise. Verdy's insight was that all that was truly essential for Kriegsspiel was the umpire and concealed information, with an emphasis on the fog of war and delayed messaging. Free Kriegsspiel became popular and Reisswitz's rigid style fell out of favor in professional circles.
The spread of wargaming beyond Germany
Kriegsspiel attracted little attention outside of Prussia before 1870. Reisswitz Jr. travelled to Russia where he demonstrated Kriegsspiel to the Russian court, but he failed to win them over. In 1825, the French general Auguste de Marmont witnessed a Kriegsspiel match in Berlin and commissioned a translation of Reisswitz's manual which was submitted to the French army in March 1829. A Dutch translation appeared in 1836.
In 1870, Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War. Many credited the Prussian army's superior performance to its wargaming tradition. The Prussian army did not have any significant advantage in weaponry, numbers, or troop quality, but it was the only army in the world that practiced wargaming. This led to great worldwide interest in Kriegsspiel. The first Kriegsspiel manual in English, Rules for the Conduct of the War-Game by E. Baring, based on the system of Wilhelm von Tschischwitz, was published in 1872 for the British army and received a royal endorsement.[9] In the United States, Charles Adiel Lewis Totten published Strategos, the American War Game in 1880, and William R. Livermore published The American Kriegsspiel in 1882. In 1873, a group of students and teachers at Oxford University founded the University Kriegspiel [sic] Club, which was the world's first recreational wargaming club for civilians.
Kriegsspiel in the present day
Players gather around a map for a debriefing by the umpire. Note the umpire's use of plastic that allows the recording of orders and other information.
Players gather around a map for a debriefing by the umpire. Note the umpire's use of plastic that allows the recording of orders and other information.
The emblem of the International Kriegsspiel Society.
The emblem of the International Kriegsspiel Society.
Kriegsspiel has undergone a minor revival in the English-speaking world thanks to translations of the original rulebooks by a British wargaming enthusiast named Bill Leeson. At least three major, non-military, enthusiast groups play Kriegsspiel around the world. The game is also played for fun by other small groups and individuals, but because of the effort involved, such events are uncommon. The senior of the three major groups is The Kriegsspiel Society located in the town of Little Gaddesden, UK. The group plays face-to-face games several times per year. They also have a website, the Kriegsspiel News Forum which is rich in resources. The second group is the Southern California Kriegsspiel Society, based in Los Angeles. They meet at the Strategicon conventions in Los Angeles for face-to-face games. The third group is the International Kriegsspiel Society (IKS), established in 2021 by Marshall Neal as an outgrowth of the Southern California Kriegsspiel Society. The group uses Discord and Tabletop Simulator to coordinate and play games. As of 2022, the group has over 750 members, and hosts multiple games on a weekly basis.
The International Kriegsspiel Society has modified the original rules of Kriegsspiel to allow for shorter games that can be played with larger numbers of players. Because Kriegsspiel requires a lot of effort from players and adjudication from umpires, the game is almost unplayable in its original form unless a large number of trained umpires or a small number of players participate. Small games with a single umpire and a few players are possible, but larger games can run slowly as the workload for umpires increases. Therefore, the original rules are modified to preserve the critical components of Kriegsspiel, specifically, the games are umpired, double-blind, use simultaneous movement, emphasize fog of war, and feature delayed communications and execution of orders. The aim is to preserve realism while streamlining minutiae that can slow the game without adding value to the experience. The society also hosts games that play by post, meaning players submit orders online by message (email or Discord chat) and the turns are processed by an umpire on a regular basis.
In August 2021, the International Kriegsspiel Society ran what is likely the largest online, civilian Kriegsspiel up until then, with 48 participants. Six master umpires worked with 12 assistants to manage the game. The battle was inspired by the Battle of Gettysburg.
On July 15, 2023, the IKS ran an even larger game online. With 96 participants, of which 22 were umpires, "Grand Waterloo", based on the Battle of Waterloo, was the largest civilian online Kriegsspiel ever run as another "Grand Battle", the IKS is preparing "Grand Leipzig 1813" for October 28, 2023.
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