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The Proceedings of the (1990, 1992) International Tesla Symposium(s):
The 1990 edition has 368 pages (hardcover)
The 1992 edition has 206 pages (hardcover)
From the 1990 Tesla Symposium book
DESCRIPTION:
This is an excellent collection of papers delivered at the 1990 Tesla Symposium in Colorado Springs. The speakers included William Terbo, James and Kenneth Corum, James Hardesty, Charles Yost, Paul LaViolette, and P.T. Pappas. The topics covered range from a tour of the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade to an exhaustive history of early gas discharge vacuum tubes and disclosure of rediscovered techniques for the production of ball lightning.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
William H. Terbo
"Opening Address" vii
Aleksandar Marincic
"The Tesla Museum" 1-1
Charles Wright
"The Great AC/DC War" 1-15
Marc Seifer
"Nikola Tesla & John Hays Hammond Jr." 1-25
James Hardesty
"X-Rays and Electron Beams: The Origins of Modern Physics" 1-51
James Corum & Kenneth Corum
"100 Years of Cavity Resonator Development" 2-1
James Corum & Kenneth Corum
"A Rediscovery of Tesla's RF Techniques" 2-19
Toby Grotz
"Computer Aided Design of Tesla Coils" 2-43
John F. Sutton & Craig Spaniol
"An Active Antenna for ELF Magnetic Fields" 2-61
Paul Brown
"Tesla Technology and Radioisotopic Energy Generation" 2-77
Sevier Bonnie III
"Current Tesla Turbine Technology" 3-1
Glen Rein
"Non-Hertzian Scalar Energy and EM Energy: The Biological Connection" 4-1
John Moray
"Nikola Tesla: Father of Bioelectronics " 4-15
Paul A. LaViolette
"A Tesla Wave Physics for a Free Energy Universe" 5-1
Paul A. LaViolette
"Detecting Galactic Superwaves: An Appeal to Scalar Wave Astronomers" 5-21
George Hathaway
"An Engineering Introduction to Zero Point Energy" 5-29
Moray B. King
"Tapping the Zero-Point Energy and Scalar Current" 5-51
Lynn A. Surgalla
"Nonlinear Dynamics: Mathematical Physics for the 21st Century" 5-63
Thomas Valone
"Nonconventional Energy and Propulsion Methods" 5-73
Charles Yost
"High Voltage Concentric Field Generator Design" 5-85
P.T. Pappas
"Energy Generation Phenomenon: Lab to Star and Galaxy Generation" 5-107
Shelly Thomson
"Experiments in Synchronicity 5-123
Dan Davidson
"The Gary Magnetic Effect" 5-133
EXCERPT: The Nikola Tesla Museum
Aleksandar S. Marincic, D.Sc.
Nikola Tesla Museum
51 Proleterskih brigada Street
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Abstract
The Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade belongs to the Belgrade Museum Union. It is both a memorial and a technical museum devoted to the life and work of Nikola Tesla. In addition to the exhibition area, the Museum has a library, archives, three office rooms and three store rooms. All of Tesla's belongings, which were collected by his nephew after Tesla's death, were transferred to Belgrade and from 1952 they have been kept in the Nikola Tesla Museum. A group of professors and younger staff from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, produced the first Catalog of Documents with some commentaries. At the moment there are two electrical and one mechanical engineers working in the museum, but there are also several external experts with part-time or occasional engagement. External experts are involved in the preparation of material for publication and in the development of a new catalog in the form of a computer data base.
Introduction
Nikola Tesla is among the best known, if not the best known, Yugoslav of Serbian origin all over the World. In his native land Yugoslavia, he is a National Hero whose image and virtues never faded or diminished as the time passed by. What is even more rare, in this world of many ephemeral values and virtues, is his lasting contribution to science and technology and the freshness of his ideas even a century later.
Like old Greek philosophers that initiated studies of the nature of fundamental structure and organization, Tesla was always keen on large scale problems. Even as a small boy he dared to think in an original way that puzzled his parents, teachers and friends. Throughout his long life he never ceased to puzzle at the World. In the first half of his life he gave a lot of practical proofs to his discoveries; in his later life he produced many ideas without proofs, but gave enough far-sighted material for his successors.
When this big man died, his nephew Sava Kosanovich was in New York. Miss Charlotte Muzar, secretary of Mr. Kosanovich, who was at that time a Minister of the Yugoslav Government in Exile, wrote in her memo that on January 8, 1943 she was called to see Mr. Kosanovich in Tesla's hotel room. She found there Mr. Kenneth Swezey, a locksmith and an unknown person. Police and government officials had already been there before she came. The famous Tesla's safe was opened, briefly explored and locked again under a new code. Before leaving for London on July 25, 1944, Mr. Kosanovich went to a Manhattan warehouse to check Tesla's belongings. After two years he returned to the United States as the Yugoslav Ambassador, and remained in New York until April 1950. After completing all formalities, Mr. Kosanovich sent Tesla's belongings by ship the "Srbija" to Yugoslavia at the beginning of September 1951. In 1952 a nice building was found in Belgrade to become the Nikola Tesla Museum. It was officially established by the Government of Yugoslavia on December 5, 1952, and opened for visitors from October 20, 1955.
Tesla's ashes were in the United States until 1957 when Miss Muzar brought them to Yugoslavia. The transfer was done after Mr. Kosanovich had died on November 14, 1956 in Belgrade.
Organization of the Nikola Tesla Museum
Exhibition Part
All of Tesla's belongings are situated in a building of about 500 square meters on two levels. On the ground level is the permanent exhibition, divided into six rooms (Figure 1). The first room introduces visitors to the content of the Museum Archives, to letters of prominent scientists and some personal documents including a photograph of his native house with the adjoining church, in the village of Smiljan, where his father was a vicar.
Figure 1. The floor plan of the ground level permanent exhibition area. -- Nikola Tesla Museum.
When a visitor enters this room he has in front of him a bust of Tesla sculpted by Ivan Mestrovic and Tesla's words about the exceptional profession of a researcher, his life motto.
The second room is devoted to Tesla's life in the United States. There are again a number of personal things as an illustration of his life style: an elegant crocodile leather bag, gloves, glasses, shaving bits and an embroidered bag, "Licka torba," made by his mother (Figure 2). Numerous papers, photographs, letters and notes are displayed along with a number of instruments found among Tesla's belongings. They might have had a special value to Tesla since he kept them until the end of his life. Unfortunately there is no evidence whether Tesla kept them in his room or somewhere else.
Tesla had close friends who were writers and artists. Among them were Mark Twain and Robert Underwood Johnson whose photographs Tesla possessed. Tesla's contacts with his native land, papers about his visit to Belgrade in 1892 and his letter written in 1942 supporting actions of American President against fascism are selected as illustrations of Tesla's patriotic and humanitarian activities.
Figure 2. Some of Tesla's personal possessions that are on exhibit in room 2. -- Nikola Tesla Museum
In a special room, the urn with Tesla's ashes in a gold plated sphere shape is placed on a stone stand. With this, the Nikola Tesla Museum is not only a Museum but Tesla's Mausoleum as well.
The exhibition of Tesla's research activities begins with his "Fairy Tale of Electricity," (See Appendices) a short history of electricity written by Tesla himself and placed on exhibit in room 4 [1].
The group of Tesla's patents devoted to the generation, transmission and utilization of polyphase alternating currents, from the period 1887 to 1890 are on display in room 5. These patents represent the foundation of present day power engineering. Tesla's system initiated the second electro-technical revolution which changed the World, and even today we do not see any substitution for this system.
The idea which the Museum designers had in mind in producing exhibits in room five was to create a small laboratory where one can easily explain Tesla's induction and synchronous motors, polyphase generators, the idea and practice of rotating magnetic fields and the system of generation, transmission and utilization of polyphase currents. To make this part of the exhibition interesting, Tesla's own original ideas were fully exploited. To explain the rotating magnetic field and the induction motor are attractive copies of Tesla's egg of Columbus or the spinning egg (Figure 3), and Tesla's hydraulic analogy. Working models of Tesla's first induction motor and a small hydroelectric three-phase system clearly outline the basic ideas and practical value of the invention. The visitors are reminded here of the famous 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago where Tesla starred in his own exhibition.
Figure 3. A model of Tesla's "Egg of Columbus," used to explain the rotating magnetic field and demonstrate the operating principal of the induction motor. -- Nikola Tesla Museum
The original nameplate from one of the first ten generators manufactured by the Westinghouse Electric and Mfg. Company for the Niagara Falls Power Company is a monument to Tesla's achievement and a great attraction for visitors.
In a corner of room five there is a model of Tesla's bladeless turbine, bladeless fan and some bladeless revolution meters. These are illustrations of his work in the mechanical engineering field where Tesla tried to realize some ideas, presumably to get enough money to complete his wireless power transmission system. Tesla devoted twenty years of his life to these inventions, trying to improve and apply them in practice.
Probably the most attractive room, with a high ceiling, is the one devoted to high-frequency and high voltage generators. With the new kind of transformer, patented by Tesla in 1891, well known as the Tesla Coil, high voltages in excess of several hundred kilo-volts are produced by two generators. One is built to resemble one of Tesla's many original models. The other is capable of producing about half a million volts. It had to be designed with safety in mind due to restricted space and the danger of fire. The stray radiation produced by this apparatus is enough to perform an attractive wireless light experiment. Around the room there are several original photographs from Tesla's New York and Colorado Springs Laboratory and a model of the four tuned circuits. Wherever suitable, original patents and notes are shown. A few pages from cases adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the case of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company vs. the United States, about Tesla, Stone and Lodge priorities in the field of Radio are exhibited [2]. As is known, Marconi United States patent No.763,772, filed November 10, 1900 and assigned to the Marconi Company on March 6, 1905, was canceled. This was done after Tesla's death in June 21, 1943.
Figure 4. An operating model of Tesla's 1898 radio controlled boat, dubbed the "Telautomaton." -- Nikola Tesla Museum
In the last room of the Museum, room 7, are shown Tesla's experiments and achievements in the field of remote control. A small working model of a ship (Figure 4) is made according to the original patent of 1898. Accompanying extracts from Tesla's famous paper published originally in the Century Magazine, "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy," is one of many records of his far-sighted outline of the future regarding remote control systems [3]. It has recently been stated in the introductory of a modern computer book, that Tesla's description in the Century Magazine article is in fact a rather precise definition of a modern process computer.
After completing some moderate scale radio experiments, in his New York laboratory and more daring experiments in his Colorado Springs laboratories at the beginning of 1900, Tesla constructed a large object named the "World System" on Long Island. The enlarged photograph of the station antenna has dominant position in room seven. Tesla did not have sufficient resources to finish this plant in spite of desperate efforts to persuade J.P. Morgan and others to help him. That seems to be the direct cause for Tesla withdrawing from people and leading an isolated life.
Although never fully rewarded for his work, Tesla received many recognitions from all over the World. The greatest among all of these is, undoubtedly, the one given to him posthumously in 1960 by the International Commission for Electrical Engineering, at its session in Philadelphia. That Commission decided that the unit of magnetic induction is to be named the "tesla," T=Wb/m2.
A few years ago several more recent papers about Tesla, written in various languages, were exhibited together with announcements about the Nikola Tesla Award established in 1976 by the IEEE. Among other documents are the IEEE anniversary stamps with Charles Steinmetz, Nikola Tesla, Edwin Armstrong and Philo T. Farnsworth featured.
The exhibition ends with the posthumous mask of Tesla and words of the American inventor Armstrong: "The World, I think, will wait a long time for Nikola Tesla's equal in achievement and imagination."
Archives and Library
The whole inheritance of Nikola Tesla is situated on the first floor of the building. It includes his manuscripts and drawings, his correspondence with over 6,700 different persons, books and the valuable clippings from periodicals and newspapers which published articles about Tesla, or about scientific and technical problems he was interested in. The first document catalog was produced under the guidance of Professor Veljko Korac, Director of the Nikola Tesla Museum from 1952 until 1980, with the help of professors and younger staff from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade and the Museum staff. On the whole around 150,000 documents were registered. The documents are grouped as follows:
NIKOLA TESLA'S LEGACY
I. MUSEUM ARCHIVES
A. Biographical data, finances, company law papers - 13,000 documents
B. Tesla's private correspondence - 70,000 documents
C. Tesla's technical and scientific documentation and patents - 39,000 documents
D. Diplomas and other scientific recognitions - 39 diplomas
E. Original drawings, sketches and plans of Tesla's inventions
F. Photographs - 1,000 Pieces
G. Clippings - 57 books of clippings from different magazines and newspapers
H. Library
1. Books - 600 books from Tesla's personal library
2. Journals
3. Finances
I. Tesla's personal belongings
1. Exhibition
2. Archives
3. Depo
J. Instruments from Tesla's laboratory
K. Tesla's personal belongings which are not exhibited
L. Damaged and separate documentation
II. MODELS OF TESLA'S EXPERIMENTS AND INVENTIONS
III. CARD CATALOG OF TESLA'S DOCUMENTATION
IV. NIKOLA TESLA MUSEUM LIBRARY
A. Books
B. Journals
C. Clippings
V. INVENTORY OF THE NIKOLA TESLA MUSEUM
NIKOLA TESLA'S WORK
I. TESLA PATENTS
A. U.S.A. patents
B. Patents in other countries
II. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - HEAVY CURRENT TECHNIQUE
A. Electrical generators
B. Electrical motors
C. Electrical propulsion of ships
D. Transmission of electrical power
E. Heavy current transformers
F. Patent disputes and problems of priority
G. Electrical railways
H. Electric - power station and sources of electric energy
I. Electro thermics
J. Biographical data
K. Alternating current theory and the rotating magnetic field
L. Rotational switch
M. Electro chemistry
N. Various
O. Electrical instruments
P. Thermoelectricity
III. HIGH FREQUENCY ENGINEERING - HIGH FREQUENCY TECHNIQUE
A. Receivers
B. Tikker
C. Long Island
D. Interplanetary communications
E. Publications (articles, remarks, literature)
F. Antennae
G. Resonance, selectivity and elimination of disturbances
H. Transmitters
I. Tesla's coil (transformer)
J. Wire transmission of pictures and television
K. Various patents from radio technology
1. Telegraphy
2. Telephony
L. Wireless transmissions of electric energy and extending of electromagnetic waves
1. System of 4 circuits
2. Standing waves on the earth
M. Patent processes and questions of priority
N. Measurement instruments
O. Application of H.F. technique in medicine
1. Roentgen tubes
2. Electrotherapy
P. Radar
Q. Colorado Springs
R. Various
1. Pupinization
2. Teletypewriter
3. Reduction of resistance by cooling
4. Watch (Clock)
5. Electrical Piano
6. Production of artificial rain
7. Electrical communications among ships through conduction of sea water
8. Wire telecommunications
9. Various
S. Ampere meters
IV. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - MECHANICAL TECHNIQUES IN GENERAL
A. Springs
B. Gears
C. Phonograph
D. Crankshaft machines and tools (drills)
E. Ships: propulsion, patents, dates and ship building
F. Automobiles - general (except propulsion) and automobile electrical devices
G. Practical mechanics
1. Balancing of rotating parts at critical speeds
2. Mechanism kinematics
H. Valves and valvular conduits
I. Piston heat engines and motors (mechanical oscillator)
1. Locomotive
J. Various
1. Machine elements (except springs and gears)
2. Drawings
3. Rockets
4. Technical economy
5. Materials and stresses
6. Yugoslav patents of machine technique
V. TURBO MACHINES AND THERMODYNAMICS
A. Turbine (mostly heat), technical theoretical part, except group "Fluid Propulsion"
B. Active turbo machines
1. Vacuum pumps
2. Pumps (except vacuum)
3. Compressors and blowers
4. Ventilators
C. Turbo Machines Generally
1. Generally about turbines
2. Collective works on turbo machines, related devices and hydraulic brake
3. Works on turbo machines which Tesla designated as "Fluid Propulsion"
D. Court processes in connection with turbo machines
E. Turbine propelled ships, torpedoes - propulsion in general
F. Gas turbine - propulsion of automobiles and airplanes
G. Thermodynamics and thermics, also in connection with turbines
VI. AVIATION AND AIRCRAFT OR AERIAL VESSELS
A. Safety - raising of airplanes
1. Aerial vessels and propellers
2. Helicopter
3. Hydroplane
4. Literature, correspondence, data, patents and articles in aviation
5. Propulsion of airplanes
6. Aerial transportation
VII. TELEMECHANICS
A. Wireless telemechanics
B. Physical life as telemechanics
VIII. DISCHARGES AND OSCILLATORS
A. Discharge for H.F. technique
B. Discharge for ozone production
IX. VARIOUS MATERIALS: CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT
A. Refining and processing of metals
B. Refining and processing of steel and iron
C. Refining, processing and transport of sulphur
D. Refining and processing of copper
E. Refining, processing and chemical treatment of aluminum
F. Various alloys and casting
G. On silicates, clays and caffeine
H. Technology of fuels (methane)
I. Various mixtures
X. ASTRONOMY
A. Cosmogony
B. Moon
C. Astrophysics
XI. ILLUMINATION
A. Bulb
B. H.F. bulb with one electrode
C. Cold light
D. Lightning appearance in H.F. field
E. Arc lamps
XII. LOCOMOTIVE HEADLIGHT
XIII. LIGHTNING ROD
XIV. WATER FOUNTAIN
XV. APPLIED PHYSICS - OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS,
CINEMATOGRAPHY
A. Movie film, films and photo plates
B. Photo and motion picture apparatus
C. Stereoscopic and plastic film
D. Movie making and photography in natural colors
E. Optical instruments
XVI. MECHANICAL OSCILLATORS
XVII. MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS, APPLIED PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
A. Telegeodynamics
B. Mathematics
C. Transmission of sound through water, signaling submarines and their discovery
D. Works in connection with transmission of electro-magnetic waves with the earth as a conducting body
E. Geophysics
1. Studying the atmosphere
F. Mechanics and hydromechanics
G. Atomic - physics, theory of relativity
H. Lightning protector
I. Death rays and electrostatic generators
J. Various
K. Electricity
L. Magnetism
M. Appearance in vacuum of rarefying gases, transformers
N. Chemistry and chemical processes
O. Vacuum technique (except turbo - vacuum pump)
XVIII. COILS, CONDENSERS ETC.
A. Ducts
B. Condensers
C. Coils
D. Conductor insulating
E. Various
F. Resistors
XIX. This number is not used.
XX. ARTICLES
A. Mechanization and technical progress
B. Problem of increasing human energy
C. Varied
D. Tesla's inventions
E. On inventions
F. Interplanetary communication
G. Psychical appearance
H. System of fluid propulsion
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